The Association of Urinary Phosphorous-Containing Flame Retardant Metabolites and Self-Reported Personal Care and Household Product Use among Women from the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) Study

摘要

Background Phosphorous-containing flame retardants (PFRs) are widely detected among pregnant women in the U.S. PFRs have been associated with endocrine disruption and adverse reproductive health outcomes. Although mainly used as a flame retardant, increased PFR exposure has been associated with personal care product (PCP) use. Methods Pregnant women 18-40 yrs. were recruited from two hospitals and five prenatal clinics in Northern Puerto Rico (n=148). Metabolites bis-2chloroethyl phosphate (BCEtP), bis-(l-chloro-2propl) phosphate, bis-(l-chloro-2propl) phosphate, bis(l,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DBNP), di-benzyl phosphate (DBzP), di-cresyl phosphate (DCP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were measured in urine three times during pregnancy. Participants completed a 48-hour recall questionnaire of PCP and household product (HP) use (visits 1&3). Associations among products and metabolites (n=296) were assessed using linear mixed models, adjusted for specific gravity, age, BMI, income and season. Results BCEtP, BCPP, BDCPP and DPHP were highly detected (79%>LOD), yet correlations among metabolites (0.16