Health Effects of Exposure to Non-Tailpipe PM Emissions: A Critical Review

摘要

Gerard Hoek Background: Because of the reduction of tailpipe particulate emissions in most-high income countries, the relative importance of non-tailpipe emissions of motor vehicles is increasing. Epidemiological studies have started to study non-tailpipe emissions specifically. In this presentation, I will review epidemiological studies that have specifically assessed non-tailpipe emissions, separate from exhaust emissions. Methods: Epidemiological studies were identified by a search in Medline. Studies assessing mortality and morbidity endpoints were eligible. We included time series, case-crossover assessing short-term effects and cohort studies assessing long-term exposures. Results: We identified a fairly large number of time series studies on measured elemental composition and mortality / hospital admissions, predominantly in the USA. A small number of (birth and adult) cohort studies was identified where exposure was assessed with land use regression of elemental composition, including the European ESCAPE study. In some studies, Cu, Fe or Zn in PM were associated with adverse health effects, but in other studies no association was found. In most studies that evaluated markers of tailpipe emissions such as N02 or Black carbon, the correlation with these markers was high. Conclusions: Epidemiological studies on short and long term exposure to non-tailpipe emissions have generally not been fully consistent. Reasons for inconsistencies across studies included limitations in exposure assessment and the challenge of separating non-tailpipe from tailpipe emissions effects.