Modeling an energy market with coupled collective heating and transport sector in high renewable energy sources penetration

摘要

Nowadays, the world is facing problems related to climate change and the pollution of the natural environment, which are partially caused by the emission of toxic compounds and CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels. Due to the fact that the natural resources of fossil fuels have been exploited for many years, such resources have been also reduced quite dramatically. The abovementioned facts determine that there is a need to conduct research which will demonstrate the technological and socio-economical possibilities of transforming energy systems and parts of transport system from fossil fuels into renewable energy sources [hereinafter referred to as: RES]. Currently, most of the energy systems in the world are based on fossil fuels. However, the possibilities of supplying the energy system with renewable energy sources have been discussed in the literature for many years. At the beginning of this century, a lot of researchers were of the opinion that renewable energy sources could cover only a few percent of the energy needs of a country the size of Germany. Afterwards, when renewable energy sources became constantly present on the day-ahead markets, it was examined whether wind energy could take part in balancing markets (following the day-ahead markets). Nowadays, the participation of this energy source is becoming reality (T. Gomez and R. Escobra, 2014). Many regions, not only in Europe, are currently introducing plans to modernize energy systems in order to cover most of the demand for electricity by RES within several or several dozens of years (Costa Rica 100% until 2021, Denmark 100% until 2050, Sri Lanka until 2030) (M. Willenbacher, 2017).