Double-Precision FPUs in High-Performance Computing: An Embarrassment of Riches?

摘要

Among the (uncontended) common wisdom in High-Performance Computing (HPC) is the applications' need for large amount of double-precision support in hardware. Hardware manufacturers, the TOP500 list, and (rarely revisited) legacy software have without doubt followed and contributed to this view. In this paper, we challenge that wisdom, and we do so by exhaustively comparing a large number of HPC proxy applications on two processors: Intel's Knights Landing (KNL) and Knights Mill (KNM). Although similar, the KNL and KNM architecturally deviate at one important point: the silicon area devoted to double-precision arithmetics. This fortunate discrepancy allows us to empirically quantify the performance impact in reducing the amount of hardware double-precision arithmetic. Our analysis shows that this common wisdom might not always be right. We find that the investigated HPC proxy applications do allow for a (significant) reduction in double-precision with little-to-no performance implications. With the advent of a failing of Moore's law, our results partially reinforce the view taken by modern industry (e.g., upcoming Fujitsu ARM64FX) to integrate hybrid-precision hardware units.