Monitoring aircraft performance in a fleet is fundamental to ensure optimal operation and promptly detect anomalies that can increase fuel consumption or compromise flight safety. Accurate failure detection and life prediction methods also result in reduced maintenance costs. The major challenges in fleet monitoring are the great amount of collected data that need to be processed and the variability between engines of the fleet, which requires adaptive models. In this paper, a framework for monitoring, diagnostics, and health management of a fleet of aircrafts is proposed. The framework consists of a multi-level approach: starting from thresholds exceedance monitoring, problematic engines are isolated, on which a fault detection system is then applied. Different methods for fault isolation, identification, and quantification are presented and compared, and the related challenges and opportunities are discussed. This conceptual strategy is tested on fleet data generated through a performance model of a turbofan engine, considering engine-to-engine and flight-to-flight variations and uncertainties in sensor measurements. Limitations of physics-based methods and machine learning techniques are investigated and the needs for fleet diagnostics are highlighted.
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