Black Carbon Emissions From Anthropogenic Combustion Sources

摘要

The objective of this work was to develop test methods for ocean vessel BC, quantify the BC and regulatory emissions from marine auxiliary engine (AE) with marine gas oil (MGO) and to quantify the ships scrubber efficiency. The performance was based on the characterization of SO_X, THCs, NO_x, CO_2, and particulate matter (PM), including PM_(2.5) mass, elemental and organic carbon and black carbon. Additionally the goal was to evaluate and test several BC measurement methods. The main highlights of this work can be summarized as: 1. BC measurements worked well for in-situ PA-soot type meters, but not well for other filter batched type systems like the MAAP and Aethalometer, which were over ranged for the entire sampling program 2. Dilution ratio averaged 3.5 where higher dilutions could be utilized to allow other BC source measurements. High dilutions on the order of 200 to 1 are recommended. 3. PA-soot, EC-NIOSH, EC-IMPROVE show similar control efficiency trend (high reduction for high load and low reduction for low load). 4. Measurement methods following ISO 8178 work well for high concentration BC measurement methods, but not for low concentration type methods. 5. SO_X reduction averaged more than 96% which suggest sulfate PM may also be reduced by 96%. This agrees with expected performance for scrubbers 6. PM_(2.5) mass reduction ranged from 40 to 50% and averaged 45% across the scrubber. This agreed with expectations from the scrubber manufacturer9 7. Organic PM (OC) was reduced around 55% and ranged from 70 to 45%. Depending on the method and mode. The NIOSH method was 40% higher than the IMPROVE method at the low load test point. The NIOSH method showed more OC reduction than the IMPROVE method. 8. Scrubbers are not as efficient at reducing black carbon at low loads as compared to high loads. The efficiency can vary from 80% at high load to less than 10% at low loads.