Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure and Human-Health Risk in Mining-Impacted Regions

摘要

Mining and mineral processing can potentially impact air, surface water and groundwater, creating multiple exposure routes and mechanisms, as well as a plethora of potential organic and inorganic contaminants. Sulfate contamination of surface and ground water from mining and processing operations is well-recognized and commonly monitored as a primary indicator of mining impacts to surface water and groundwater. Under conditions frequently found in natural waters, especially groundwater, sulfate can be reduced by naturally occurring sulfate-reducing bacteria, creating hydrogen sulfide. Worldwide, many communities that are adjacent to mining operations rely on groundwater as their primary potable water source, however, hydrogen sulfide gas is a largely unrecognized contaminant in these areas. This study of three communities in the central Appalachia region of the U.S. investigated sulfate and sulfide concentrations in water as well as sulfide concentrations in indoor air. This investigation finds that when drinking water aquifers are contaminated, this sulfide is liberated as a gas during domestic water use, creating conditions in mining community homes where short-term and long-term exposure can exceed applicable health standards. Additionally, other investigators have found connections between coal production and negative health consequences, including increased risk of respiratory diseases. Hydrogen sulfide is a contaminant associated with the same types of toxic effects as those found at increased prevalence in mining communities. Our investigation finds that this occurs at a concentration and frequency that warrants recognition by regulatory agencies and monitored as a commonly occurring mining-related contaminant and potential public health hazard.