The difficulty of applying “pseudolites” (i.e., pseudo-satellites) and the “indoor messaging system” (MES) to indoor robot navigation is investigated. Moreover, as an alternative to these methods, “high-accuracy IMES using real-time kinematic Doppler positioning” is introduced and experimentally evaluated. The evaluation showed that this method can achieve centimeter- to decimeter-level positioning accuracy. This result implies the feasibility of indoor-outdoor seamless robot navigation with a GPS/IMES receiver.
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