In this paper, the ANSYS finite element software was used to establish a two-dimensional mathematical model of defect leakage field for the simulation of the cracks, cone-shaped, pits and other regular defects of rail with the FEM simulation method, through which axial and radial magnetic flux density distribution curves and other data of defect leakage field was acquired. By comparison of the simulation data and peak, peak-valley, peak-valley spacing and other characteristic values of the leakage magnetic flux density curves, the characteristics of different defect types and identical defect types of magnetic leakage signal was acquired to identify the defect information such as defect types, internal or external distribution, shapes and dimensions and other information.
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