Provision of turf surfaces for major football stadiums in Europe:environmental issues and design criteria

摘要

Major football stadiums present a significant challenge for the growth of healthy turf because of soil compaction and wear resulting from play, in an environment with significant levels of shade and restricted air movement.Turf drainage and growth can be improved by the use of carefully selected sand‐dominated rootzones.The stability of the turf, which may decrease if grass cover is lost, can be improved by reinforcement of the grass layer by various types of plastic fibre.Quantification of potential light levels and airflow during the design stage is important to maximise the amount of light and air movement for the pitch in relation to the constraints of other architectural design criteria.A number of potential methods of improving the growing environment within stadiums is discussed, of which transparent roof tiles and artificial lighting systems in particular are being increasingly used.