Animal cell culture are constantly being developed, or modified to increase unit productivity and thus make production costs of animal cell products more competitive. Due to the low productivity per biomass of animal cells 0.1 to 100 1 of culture supernatant is needed per clinical dose especially for monoclonal antibodies. The increase of cell density in bioreactors and thus immobilisation techniques for mass production with recombinant and hybridoma cells are the main goals of a cell culture scale-up. Advanced scale-up is usually coupled with cell retention to utilise the perfusion technology. the perfusion technique was initiated as it was recognised that cells in vivo are continuously supplied with blood, lymph, or other body fluids to keep them in a constant physiological environment. Several systems have been developed for that purpose, for example spin filters, hollow fibre, packed bed and fluidized bed technique.
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