A Scheduling Algorithm for Hadoop MapReduce Workflows with Budget Constraints in the Heterogeneous Cloud

摘要

In recent years cloud services have gained much attention as a result of their availability, scalability, and low cost. One use of these services has been for the execution of scientific workflows as part of Big Data Analytics, which are employed in a diverse range of fields including astronomy, physics, seismology, and bioinformatics. There has been much research on heuristic scheduling algorithms for these workflows due to the problem's inherent complexity, however existing work has mainly considered execution in a utility grid environment using a generic distributed framework. For our research, we consider the ever-increasingly popular Apache Hadoop framework for scheduling workflow onto resources rented from cloud service providers. Contrary to other distributed frameworks, the Hadoop MapReduce model imposes a functional style onto application definition, and as such presents an interesting and unapproached challenge for workflow scheduling. Investigated in our work is budget-constrained workflow scheduling on the Hadoop MapReduce platform, wherein we devise both an optimal and a heuristic approach to minimize workflow makespan while satisfying a given budget constraint. We have implemented modifications to the Apache Hadoop framework to allow fully integrated workflow scheduling. These modifications are novel and have led to the completion of the first generic workflow scheduler fully integrated with the Apache Hadoop framework. Both the framework modifications and the proposed scheduler implementation have been extensively tested via execution on multiple workflow applications, which demonstrates the ability of our implementation to handle all possible workflow substructures. Results from our empirical studies further establish these facts.