Large-scale evacuation planning is a critical part of the preparation and response to natural and man-made disasters. Surprisingly, local authorities still primarily rely on expert knowledge and simple heuristics to design and execute evacuation plans, and rarely integrate human behavioral models in the process. This is partly explained by the limited availability of algorithms and decision support systems able to produce evacuation plans that are compatible with operational constraints. Apart from a few exceptions, existing evacuation approaches rely on free-flow models which assume that evacuees can be dynamically routed in the transportation network. However, free-flow models violate a key operational constraint in actual evacuation plans, i.e., the fact that all evacuees in a given residential zone are instructed to follow the same evacuation route. In addition, only few studies have considered behavioral models and the mobilization process, and mainly from a simulation perspective.
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