The making of a system of systems: Ontology reveals the true nature of emergence

摘要

A consistent, cohesive, and predictive framework that harbors the ontology and taxonomy of systems and system of systems is described that exposes the true nature of emergence as resulting from interactions that change physical objects. It is shown that the part-whole relationship is represented through the language syntax and semantics of integration and interoperability for systems and system of systems to build ontologies of objects and processes with primitives for objects of objects, functions, and behaviors; and for processes with primitives of cognitions, developing procedures, and modeling.