The friction coefficient of ice on ice is usually modeled as a constant. However, theory and experimental data show that ice-ice friction depends on the speed of sliding. In this paper we incorporate a rate-dependent friction coefficient into 2D discrete element method simulations of ice ensemble behaviour. Friction is high (0.7) at low sliding speeds (＜10~(-6) ms~(-1)), low (0.1) at high sliding speeds (＞10~(-2) ms~(-1)) and decreases log-linearly between these values. We show qualitatively and quantitatively how this affects the overall dynamics of a shear box experiment.
展开▼
