Investigation of initiating strength of detonators containing TKX-50, MAD-X1, PETNC, DAAF, RDX, HMX or PETN as a base charge

摘要

An experimental investigation of the initiating capability of detonators containing as a base charge the following explosives: dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bis(tetrazolate-1N-oxide) - TKX-50, dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bis(3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolate-1N-oxide) -MAD-X1, pentaerythritol tetranitrocarbamate - PETNC and 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan - DAAF in comparison with RDX, HMX and PETN was undertaken. In order to estimate the initiating capability of detonators, the underwater explosion test was applied. The total energy as a sum of the primary shock wave and the bubble gas energies was determined by measuring the overpressure of the shock waves generated in water. Furthermore, the complete synthesis for novel explosives is presented. The thermal behavior of the explosives was explored using differential scanning calorimetry. The gas phase absolute molar enthalpies at 298 K and I atm were calculated theoretically using the modified complete basis set method (CBS-4M) with the Gaussian 09 software. Gas phase standard molar enthalpies of formation (ΔH_(f(g))) at 298 K were calculated using the atomization energy method. In order to obtain the standard molar enthalpy of formation (ΔH_(f(s))) for the prepared covalent compounds, the values of the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation (applying Trouton's rule) were subtracted from ΔH_(f(g)) In the case of salts, ΔH_(f(g)) of ions and the calculated standard molar lattice enthalpies were used to calculate ΔH_(f(s)). The performance parameters (such as detonation energy, detonation pressure, detonation velocity) based on calculated ΔH_(f(s)) values were computed using the CHEETAH 2.0 software. For the calculations the theoretical maximum densities and densities obtained during the experiments presented in this work were used.