THE FIRST SOVIET LUNAR FLIGHTS

摘要

The Paper is devoted to an analysis of the First Soviet Pioneer Lunar Spacecrafts (SC). This is the SCLuna 1 (January, 1959, "Mechta" – "A Dream") with the first close flyby of the Moon and scientific investigationof the near-Moon space, the first artificial planet. Then, this is the SC Luna 2 (September,1959) with the first impacting the lunar surface and investigating the near-Moon vicinity to its surface.And, finally, this is the automatic interplanetary station Luna 3 (October, 1959), which made the firstphotos of the far Lunar side and successfully sent them to the Soviet Control Ground Station. The firstLunar Gravity Assist was performed in this flight to fulfill the aims which were put to the station. There isgiven an analysis of the Soviet science-technology achievements that allowed realizing these outstandingProjects. There is analyzed their influence on the development of the world Cosmonautics including thefirst manned flight of Jury Gagarin and following Lunar and interplanetary Projects.