Coastal structures, such as segmented shore parallel breakwaters, have been used world-wide. Offshore breakwater schemes in the UK include those constructed at Kings Parade, Wirral; Elmer, Sussex; and Sea Palling, Norfolk. However, many existing UK structures were designed a decade or more ago with the object of providing appropriate levels of flood protection as well as resisting the worst-storm conditions likely to be experienced over the lifetime of the structures.
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