The characteristics and achievements were discussed on the traditional breeding and modern breeding, and also their relations in the tree peony breeding. The traditional breeding (including the introduction and domestication, the selection breeding, the crossbreeding, and etc.) and modern breeding (such as the space/light breeding, the ploidy breeding, the somatic cell hybridization breeding, the gene engineering breeding, and so on) had played active roles in the peony breeding process. The traditional breeding is the foundation and premise of the breeding. The modern breeding, as the supplement of the traditional breeding, provides new tools and ideas for the peony breeding, and it solves the pressing issues existing in the breeding. The modern breeding is the means to fast achieve breeding goals. But the traditional breeding can not be completely replaced by the modern breeding. When the traditional breeding and modern breeding are combined, we can accelerate the peony breeding progress.
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