The Transient Thermal Response of Conventional and New Ceramic Electrical Heating Elements Under Forced Convection

摘要

Electrical heating systems have been used for water heating for many years. To compare the advantages of new methods and materials with the usability of the conventional systems criteria have to be defined. To calculate the transient temeprature response, the heat transfer to the fluid, the temperature field in the heating element and the transient teperature change at the water outlet have to be known. A closing comparison does not only show differences in the usability but also in the water and energy loss of the new and conventional heating systems.