Horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized sludge (hais) reactor for paper industry wastewater treatment

摘要

The energy crisis of the seventies favored the development of anaerobic processes so tat a search for low cost alternatives for wastewater treatment started to receive highly motivationg financial support all over the worold. In fact, conventional aerobic systems are frequently high energy consumers, produce large amounts of excess sludge, and need expensive equipment for aeration. However, these costly items are only part of a complex picture determining the best alternative. Other aspects such as performance under stressed conditions, the sensitivity to toxic compounds, the feasibility of control of environmental factors, and the existence of reliable design parameters are, eventually, as important as construction and operational costs.