A DWT-Based Video Watermarking Algorithm Applying DS-CDMA

摘要

In this paper, we propose a DWT-based video watermarking algorithm applying DS-CDMA (direct sequence code division multiple access). We use improved Gold sequences to encode the watermark. The CDMA encoded watermark is embedded into the lowest frequency coefficients of DWT transformed video frames. Blind recovery of the embedded watermark is achieved by analyzing the DWT coefficients of the watermarked video frames and the auto-correlation of orthogonal codes. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can produce watermarked contents in good visual quality and is robust to typical video operations such as MPEG-2 compression, Gaussian noise, cropping and frame dropping