A detailed analysis of the properties of a mixed lumped and distributed (MLD) lossless network is carried out showing why the MLD network can be used as an extreme impedance transformer between source and load impedances without using extreme impedance values in the network. Then, the lossy transformation technique, which can be employed for the transformation between an MLD lossy or lossless network and a lumped lossless one, is discussed and compared with Carlin's method. Finally, as an example, one quarter-wave and two MLD lossless broadband impedance transformers are synthesized for transforming the extremely low input or output impedance of a superconducting device to a 50 Omega microwave system.
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