THERMAL PROTECTION AND TEST METHOD OF 'VENERA' LANDINGSPACECRAFTS

摘要

The temperature conditions and high pressure whichare specific to the atmosphere of the Venus were thereasons of special attention paid to the procedure andmethods of ground testing of thermal conditions,thermal protection and spacecraft structure elementsintended for descending in the atmosphere andoperating on the surface of the planetBased on the results of development and testing of thethermal protection and means of providing thermalconditions of landing spacecrafts of interplanetaryautomatic stations of the 'Venera' series the generali-zationand systematization of the methodical means oflanding spacecraft thermal protection elementsperfection is made and presented. Two basicallydifferent methodical approaches, which were, realizedon the appropriate test-beds are illustrated by means ofexamples of 'VENERA' landing modules thermalconditions testing. The mentioned methodicalapproaches may be disseminated on testing thermalconditions of perspective structures including tests ofspacecrafts intended for functioning on the Venussurface for a long duration.The effectiveness of the developed methods ofindependent and complex tests has been verified andapproved by the results of the tests of landingspacecraft thermal analogues fulfilled in a special highpressure chamber simulating the atmosphericconditions in the descent trajectory to the Venussurface.