The goal of most technologies for hazardous waste management, beyond waste avoidance, continues to be reduction of contaminant concentrations to acceptable levels protective of human health and the environment. Achievement of this goal will be dependent on innovative approaches, particularly when remediation of contamination in heterogeneous soils and groundwaters with temperally and spatially uncertain source locations and inherent reactivities is required. Such complexities pose considerable challenges in terms of technology development, its demonstration, and its enentual verification. A successful remediation strategy for hazardous waste management, incorporating a technology or group of technologies, requires corroborating data and demonstration from concept through laboratory, pilot- and/or filed-scale testing, to eventual commercial application.
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