Selecting the two factors of illuminance and color temperature from many lighting factors, their effect on the atmosphere was scientifically studied. The experimental study of subjective appraisal was carried out with the semantic differential method, using experimental equipment developed to simulate various combinations of illuminance and color temperature. Subjects were asked to make their appraisals by first participating in an imaginary scene involving an enjoyable conversation with family and/or friends and next by imagining themselves in a relaxed state drinking coffee alone. The first scene applies to a state that we shall refer to as the communal state, and the second scene to the solitary state. Analysis was performed on the result of how the preference changed with the adjustments of illuminance and color temperature. For the communal state, atmosphere preference grew with the increase of illuminance within the range between 100lx and 400lx, and was saturated at higher illuminance levels. For the solitary state, preference was not as closely related to illuminance, and observers expressed a slightly greater dislike for higher illuminance levels in comparison with low illuminance. The results in this study are similar to Kruithof's results in the case of the communal state but somehow different in the case of the solitary state.
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