Heat Pump Systems with Ammonia as Refrigerant

摘要

Heat pumps offer the possibility of reducing energy consumption significantly, mainly in the buildingrnsector, but also in industry. The second law of thermodynamics shows the advantages: While arncondensing boiler can reach a primary energy ratio (PER) of at best 105 % (I.e. the boiler efficiencyrnηB; the theoretical maximum would be 110 %, based on the lower calorific value), heat pumps achievern200 % and more. Presently about 150 million heat pumps with a thermal output of 1800 TWh/a are inrnoperation world-wide, reducing CO2 emission by about 0.18 Gt/a. The potential for reducing CO2rnemissions assuming a 30 % share in the building sector using technology presently available is about 6rn% of the total world-wide CO2 emission of 24 Gt/a. With future technologies up to 16 % seemrnpossible. Therefore, heat pumps are one of the key technologies for energy conservation and reducingrnCO2 emissions.