Optimization strategies for frequency-response coupling between synchronous areas

摘要

This paper investigates different optimization strategies for frequency-response coupling between synchronous areas that feature decentralized load-frequency control structures. The mathematical basics are presented together with a frequency dynamics system parameterized to match the synchronous areas of Continental Europe, Great Britain, and Northern Europe. Three optimization strategies are evaluated: frequency-response exchange, frequency netting, and frequency optimization. The results show that HVDC interconnections can be used to share frequency-response characteristics between synchronous areas. All the strategies are technically robust but policy implications for various stakeholders need to be managed before real-life application can be initiated; this is because frequency-response coupling affects frequency performance in all participating synchronous areas.