Review on discrete cosine transform based watermarking for compressed digital video

摘要

Digital media production and editing technologies have led to widespread forgeries and unauthorized sharing of digital video. This paper presents a method to detect video tampering and differ it from video processing operations, such as recompression, noise, and brightness increase, using a practical watermarking scheme for real-time authentication of digital video. It can be configured to adjust transparency, robustness, and capacity of the system. The watermark signals represent the macroblock's and frame's indices, and are embedded into the nonzero quantized discrete cosine transform value of blocks, mostly the last nonzero values, enabling our method to detect spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal tampering. Our method causes smaller video distortion, leading to a PSNR degradation of about 0.88 dB and structural similarity index decrease of 0.0090 with only 0.05% increase in bitrate, and with the bit correct rate of 0.71 to 0.88 after H.264/AVC recompression.