Pediatric Neuroendocrine Carcinoid Tumors: Review of Diagnostic Imaging Findings and Recent Advances

摘要

OBJECTIVE. Although rare, pediatric neuroendocrine tumors including carcinoid tumor have increased in incidence over the past few decades. Despite increased recognition, survival rates have not significantly improved. Earlier detection of these tumors is necessary to improve clinical outcomes. This article discusses imaging approaches for detecting pediatric carcinoid tumors including anatomic imaging methods such as CT and MRI as well as functional imaging methods targeting the somatostatin receptor including In-111-labeled octreotide and newer Ga-68-based radiotracers that may hold promise in hybrid PET/CT or PET/MRI.