摘要：
清乾隆年间开始,阿尔泰山地区的游牧部落内附,清政府依例编置佐领,划分游牧地,形成阿尔泰乌梁海7旗、新土尔扈特部2旗和新和硕特部1旗的政治区域划分.各旗之间依据游牧地界形成相互之间的传统习惯线.清同治年间开始,中央政府对阿尔泰山地区的政治区域划分进行了多次调整,从布伦托海办事大臣的置废到新疆建省,再到清末将阿尔泰办事大臣作为独立区域直属中央,直至民国初年正式归入新疆省.从中央政府的角度来说,这一区域整合过程并未打破最基层的政治单元(旗)之间的传统习惯线.从清中叶以来所绘制的各类舆图中,能较为直观地观察阿尔泰山地区的政治区域划分情况.由中央政府主持编绘的舆图,其边界走向则体现了中央对地方行政区划的认可,具有法理上的权威性.由国民政府内政部编绘的《蒙古地方行政区域图》理应作为中蒙边界划分的依据.实际上,从晚清至中华人民共和国建立初期,阿尔泰山地区的边界划分经历了从习惯线到争议线再到法定线的变迁过程.细致梳理这一过程可以发现,中蒙国界线的最终走向即法定线并非沿用传统的游牧民族的习惯分界线,而是与民国以来中蒙之间的历次军事冲突以及由此而签订的军事分界协定密切相关.作为中蒙双方对峙的军事分界线成为决定政治分界走向的决定性因素.%Since the Qianlong years of the Qing dynasty,nomadic tribes in Altai region migrated in and gave allegiance to the Qing government. The government following the traditional example, made arrangement and allocation, and finally divided them into 10 administrative banners in total. All the banners kept to the conventional terrain borders. From the Tongzhi years,as a result of the multi-rearrangement of the government, Altai region was incorporated into Xinjiang Province in the early years of the Republic of China. From the central government's point of view, the integration process did not break the conventional border of the basic political units (banner). The maps drawn after the middle Qing dynasty show the political divisions in this area and the government recognition of local administration, and thus they have legitimacy. The Administrative Map in Mongolian Area compiled by the central government should serve as the basis for the boundary demarcation of China and Mongolia. In fact, from the late Qing dynasty to the early People's Republic of China, the boundaries of Altai region had experienced the transition from the conventional border to the disputed border, and then to the legal border. Looking into this process will find that the final legal border was not decided on the conventional border but instead a series of military conflicts and the following demarcation agreements. Therefore the military demarcation line became a decisive factor in determining the political demarcation.
