income

摘要： China is poised to achieve a milestone when it joins the ranks of high-income countries in 2022 China’s gross domestic product(GDP) exceeded 114 trillion yuan(US$18.1 trillion) in 2021, according to data released by the National Bureau of Statistics on January 17.

摘要： This year’s Government Work Report proposed that GDP is expected to grow by about 5.5%;CPI is expected to increase by around 3%;the growth in personal income is basically in step with economic growth.In this regard,many economists said that the economic growth target of about 5.5%is active,and neither aggressive nor conservative.

摘要： 1.Introduction As one of the milestone documents on global air quality management,the World Health Organization(WHO)health guidelines have been periodically adopted and published air quality guidelines(AQGs)following systematic reviews on evidence from medical and public health studies,and through extensive expert panel discussion and consultation.Since 1987,WHO has periodically issued health-based air quality guidelines—Air Quality Guidelines for Europe(hereafter referred to as“AQGs(1987)”)to assist governments and civil society to reduce human exposure to air pollution and its adverse effects.1 In 2006,a global edition of the updated AQGs—WHO Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005(hereafter referred to as“AQGs(2005)”)was released.2 With increasing evidence on air pollution attributed heath risk and adverse effects,the global air quality guidelines were further updated and accomplished in 2021.2-3 AQGs(1987)provided health-based guideline levels for the major air pollutants,including carbon monoxide(CO),lead,nitrogen dioxide(NO2),ozone(O3),sulfur dioxide(SO2)and total suspended particulate(TSP)matter.However,in AQGs(2005),TSP was then replaced by particulate matter(PM)with aerodynamic dimeter less than 2.5µm(PM2.5)and PM with aerodynamic dimeter equal or less than 10µm,albeit without the provision of numerical guideline values.2 In each edition of the guidelines,air quality criteria values have been derived for recommendations protecting human populations from the adverse impacts of air pollution exposure,and guidelines are of significant importance for low-and middle-income countries(LMICs)in reducing air pollution exposure and resulting in beneficial impacts on health.

摘要： Emerging epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that ambient air pollution,such as particulate matter(PM),is associated with increased cardio-respiratory mortality and morbidity.1'2 Air pollution has been recognized as the single biggest environmental risk factor for attributable burden of noncommunicable diseases(NCDs),3 which has provided strong rationale for actions reducing population exposure to air pollutants in particular countries or regions even on a global scale.The air quality in high-income countries has substantially improved over the past decades,while it has generally deteriorated in most low-and middle-income countries(LMICs;determined by the World Bank and based on gross national income per capita),under the settings of global urbanization and economic development.4 In addition,there has been rapid growth in prevalence of NCDs worldwide due to ageing and lifestyle changes,and NCDs are now the most common causes of death and disability globally.5 Thus,to synthesize and provide up-to-date evidence on health impact of air pollution,World Health Organization(WHO)has released the latest edition of global air quality guidelines-WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines(hereafter referred to as uAQGs(2021on September 22,2021,6 which has significant implications to future actions on air pollution control and disease management under the context of climate change and global health promotion.

摘要： The known statistical data show that the distribution of popular elements and people’s income presents the characteristics of power law distribution.At present,the explanation for this phenomenon is mostly through the“rich get richer”theory,but the author believes that this theory has major flaws and fails to provide a reasonable explanation for many phenomena.Therefore,the author expands some empirical and recognized theories in a similar direction in logic,and derives a logical mathematical model through the derivation of mathematical formulas,so as to explain the phenomenon that the distribution of popular elements and people’s income presents a power-law distribution.Then,by analyzing various characteristics of social networks and comparing them with some phenomena in nature,the conclusion can be extended to all self-organizing groups in nature.

摘要： Most countries have made little progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)target 3.4,which calls for a reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases(NCDs)by a third from 2015 to 2030.In this Health Policy paper,we synthesise the evidence related to interventions that can reduce premature mortality from the major NCDs over the next decade and that are feasible to implement in countries at all levels of income.Our recommendations are intended as generic guidance to help 123 low-income and middle-income countries meet SDG target 3.4;country-level applications require additional analyses and consideration of the local implementation and utilisation context.Protecting current investments and scaling up these interventions is especially crucial in the context of COVID-19-related health system disruptions.

摘要： One promise of public education is to level the playing field across the socioeconomic and ethnic spectrum.Unfortunately,the system is not fulfilling that promise.The achievement gap has been an issue for decades,and it's getting worse.A recent study released by Stanford University sociologist Sean F.Reardon shows that the gap has widened by 40%since the 1960s.The study looked at the disparity in academic achievement between students in the tenth percentile of family income against students in the ninetieth percentile.

摘要： Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)is now considered to be another insidious pandemic and one that is becoming increasingly threatening.The global burden spawned by AMR has been widely reported and includes a large number of deaths and increased economic losses.Since the emergence of AMR can be driven by inappropriate antimicrobial use,and potential transmission of AMR has occurred between human and animals,many countries have tightened regulations on the use of antimicrobials in food systems.Yet there is still a long way to go,especially in low-and middleincome countries(LMICs),and new approaches are needed to further explore the emergence and spread of AMR in both human and animals.

摘要： After more than a year of struggling to obtain supplies of the breakthrough messenger ribonucleic acid(m RNA)vaccines for the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),some low-and middleincome nations are taking steps towards producing these vaccines on their own soil.While it is possible that the global COVID-19 vaccine supply may soon outstrip demand,these efforts could help put these countries on paths to create the homegrown research and manufacturing infrastructure needed to better safeguard themselves against future global outbreaks of COVID-19 variants and other diseases.

摘要： In most countries around the globe,adolescent girls are less physically active than boys.However,the majority of studies have been conducted in high-income countries,while there is less evidence from low-and middle-income countries.1 The reasons for this gender difference in physical activity(PA)participation are poorly understood.A recently published article by Ricardo et al.2 on gender inequalities in adolescent PA from 64 global south countries seeks to close this knowledge gap.