At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a consensus had emerged among most observers of the global mobile telephone industry: Europe got it right, and America got it wrong. The Europeans, thanks to the leadership from the European Union, had rallied industry and government support behind a single digital network standard - GSM that propelled European firms to global leadership. The Americans, having placed their faith in the wisdom of "the market," had been rewarded by a dizzying array of incompatible network standards, a frenzy of corporate mergers and alliances, and sluggish consumer adoption.
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