Irrigation water and Phytophthora cactorum in a forest nursery

摘要

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) J. Schrot is known to cause stem lesions on Betula pendula Roth in Finnish nurseries. It has been suggested that irrigation water may be one source of infection. Therefore, P. cactorum was baited from pond water used for irrigation and direct isolations were made from necrotic stem lesions in a forest nursery during the years 2004-2006. Morphological characteristics, as well as sequencing of the -tubulin gene and ITS1 region, confirmed the isolates as P. cactorum. The pathogen was present in the pond every year, but no diseased seedlings were found in 2005. The cultural and morphological characteristics showed high variation among the isolates, but it was not possible to identify the origins of the isolates according to them. In random amplified microsatellite (RAMS) analysis and DNA sequencing, the isolates from the pond and from the stem lesions were genetically similar, and the tested isolates were pathogenic. The results indicate that irrigation water is one source of stem lesion disease, and the microbe can overwinter in the pond. Two separate forms of the -tubulin gene were detected in all the studied isolates, suggesting that the P. cactorum here carries two -tubulin gene loci in its genome.