Michel de Certeau's work provides a provocative means of distinguishing the concepts of space and place in relation to that of the just landscape, while at the same time challenging the common tendency to identify landscape with the rural rather than the urban. de Certeau's landscape analysis takes its point of departure in the contrast between the map-like view of Manhattan from the World Trade Center and the place-creating practices of the pedestrians below. Since that time, the World Trade Center has become `Ground Zero' and it is theoretically challenging to look at what this transformation of a monumental mark in the landscape to an equally monumental zero means for de Certeau's analysis, particularly in relation to the epistemology of nothingness. The larger significance of de Certeau's decidedly urban approach to landscape emerges in the work of the anthropologist John Gray who has made novel use of de Certeau's theory to interpret the place identity of borderland Scottish sheepherders. Gray's analysis can be applied to other rural landscapes, such as the s?ter landscapes of Norway. The depth of de Certeau's argument, however, can easily be missed due to terminological confusion in translating his French into English.
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机译：米歇尔·德·塞多（Michel de Certeau）的作品提供了一种挑衅性的手段，可以将空间和位置的概念与正义景观的概念区分开来，同时挑战了将乡村与城市而非城市区分开来的普遍趋势。 de Certeau的景观分析的出发点在于世界贸易中心的曼哈顿地图状视图与下方行人的地方创建习惯之间的对比。自那时以来，世界贸易中心已成为“零地面”，从理论上看，将景观中的纪念性标记转换为同样具有纪念意义的零意味着什么对de Certeau的分析（尤其是与人类认识论有关）意味着挑战。虚无。人类学家约翰·格雷（John Gray）的工作展现了de Certeau绝对的城市景观方法的更大意义，他利用de Certeau的理论新颖地解释了苏格兰边境牧民的地域特征。 Gray的分析可以应用于其他乡村景观，例如挪威的更陡峭的景观。然而，由于将法语翻译成英语时的术语混淆，很容易错过de Certeau的论点。
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