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Habitat traits and food availability determine the response of marine invertebrates to ocean acidification.

机译:生境特征和食物供应量决定了无脊椎动物对海洋酸化的反应。

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摘要

Energy availability and local adaptation are major components in mediating the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine species. In a long-term study, we investigated the effects of food availability and elevated pCO2 (ca. 400, 1000 and 3000 micro atm) on growth of newly settled Amphibalanus (Balanus) improvisus to reproduction, and on their offspring. We also compared two different populations, which were presumed to differ in their sensitivity to pCO2 due to differing habitat conditions: Kiel Fjord, Germany (Western Baltic Sea) with naturally strong pCO2 fluctuations, and the Tjarno Archipelago, Sweden (Skagerrak) with far lower fluctuations. Over 20 weeks, survival, growth, reproduction and shell strength of Kiel barnacles were all unaffected by elevated pCO2, regardless of food availability. Moulting frequency and shell corrosion increased with increasing pCO2 in adults. Larval development and juvenile growth of the F1 generation were tolerant to increased pCO2, irrespective of parental treatment. In contrast, elevated pCO2 had a strong negative impact on survival of Tjarno barnacles. Specimens from this population were able to withstand moderate levels of elevated pCO2 over 5 weeks when food was plentiful but showed reduced growth under food limitation. Severe levels of elevated pCO2 negatively impacted growth of Tjarno barnacles in both food treatments. We demonstrate a conspicuously higher tolerance to elevated pCO2 in Kiel barnacles than in Tjarno barnacles. This tolerance was carried over from adults to their offspring. Our findings indicate that populations from fluctuating pCO2 environments are more tolerant to elevated pCO2 than populations from more stable pCO2 habitats. We furthermore provide evidence that energy availability can mediate the ability of barnacles to withstand moderate CO2 stress. Considering the high tolerance of Kiel specimens and the possibility to adapt over many generations, near future OA alone does not seem to present a major threat for A. improvisus.
机译:能源可用性和局部适应性是调解海洋酸化(OA)对海洋物种影响的主要组成部分。在一项长期研究中,我们调查了食物供应量和升高的pCO 2 (约400、1000和3000 micro atm)对新定居的两栖即兴双栖((Balanus)繁殖繁殖的影响,以及在他们的后代。我们还比较了两个不同的种群,据推测这两个种群由于生境条件的不同而对pCO 2 的敏感性不同:德国的基尔·峡湾(西波罗的海)自然具有较强的pCO 2 波动,而瑞典Tjarno群岛(Skagerrak)的波动要低得多。在超过20周的时间里,无论食物多少,基尔藤壶的存活,生长,繁殖和壳强度都不受pCO 2 升高的影响。成年人的蜕皮频率和外壳腐蚀随着pCO 2 的增加而增加。 F1代的幼虫发育和幼年生长对pCO 2 的增加均具有耐受性,与父母的治疗无关。相反,升高的pCO 2 对Tjarno藤壶的存活有强烈的负面影响。当食物充足时,该人群的标本能够在5周内承受中等水平的pCO 2 升高,但在食物限制下却显示出生长降低。在两种食品处理中,严重的pCO 2 升高水平都会严重影响Tjarno藤壶的生长。我们证明了在基尔藤壶中对升高的pCO 2 的耐受性明显高于在Tjarno藤壶中。这种宽容是从成年后代继承下来的。我们的发现表明,与来自更稳定的pCO 2 生境的种群相比,来自变化的pCO 2 环境的种群对pCO 2 升高的耐受性更高。我们进一步提供证据表明,能量供应可以调节藤壶承受中等CO 2 压力的能力。考虑到基尔标本的高耐受性和适应几代人的可能性,仅在不久的将来,OA似乎就不会对即兴拟杆菌产生重大威胁。

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