Characterization of annealed, proton-exchanged optical Waveguides in ZnO:LiNbO↓(3)crystal

摘要

We report a systematic study of the annealing process in proton-exchanged ZnO:LiNbO↓(3) optical waveguides. A z-cut multimode waveguide was subjected to annealing for different durations of time. A two-stage change in index profiles with annealing time was observed, which was consistent with the change in the m-line spectrum. A power-law relationship was established to correlate the optical parameters with annealing time. Annealed Li concentration in the waveguide was solved based on the thermal diffusion equation. An analytical function was used to model the annealed-index profile of single-mode, proton-exchanged waveguides. Good agreement between the theoretical analysis and the experimental result was obtained. # 1997 Optical Society of America