Copper--A 'Modern' Bioelement

摘要

Copper is a bioessential element in biology with truly unique chemical characteristics in its two relevant oxidation states + I and + II. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the elucidation of the frequently surprising biochemistry of this trace element. Those advances were especially furthered through mutual stimulation involving results from biochemistry, molecularbiology, and medicine on one hand and the synthesis as well as the structural and spectroscopic characterization of low molecular weight model complexes on the other. The most notable features of protein-bound active copper are its almost exclusive function in the metabolism of O_2 or N/O compounds (NO_2~-N_2O) and its frequent association with oxidizing organic and inorganic radicalssuch as tyrosyl, semiquinones, superoxide, or nitrosyl. This unique biological role of copper can be rationalized given its chemical and assumed evolutionary background.