A COMPARISON STUDY OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I I DAGGERS AND THEIR RIVETS AS A TOOL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR PRODUCTION

T. KAN-CIPOR - MERON; S. SHILSTEIN; Y. LEVI; S. SHALEV

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A COMPARISON STUDY OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I I DAGGERS AND THEIR RIVETS AS A TOOL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR PRODUCTION

机译：中青年时代的比较研究我匕首及其铆钉作为一种更好地了解其生产的工具

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The Middle Bronze Age II is a period during which there exists a contemporaneous usage of arsenic copper and tin bronze for metal weaponry production. In order to learn more about the alloys used in this period, the blades and rivets from 65 daggers of two significantly different types, which were discovered at the Rishon LeZion (RL) cemetery, Israel, were tested by the non-destructive method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results reveal new knowledge of the alloys selected for dagger and rivet production, both of which represent fine examples of the Middle Bronze Age II Southern Levant in metal industry.

机译：中间青铜年龄II是在其中存在砷铜和锡青铜的时期用于金属武器制作的时期。为了了解有关这一时期使用的合金的更多信息，通过X的非破坏性方法测试了来自65种显着不同类型的叶片和铆钉，这些叶片来自65种显着不同类型的两种显着不同类型的曲线。 -Ray荧光（XRF）。结果揭示了为匕首和铆钉生产所选择的合金的新知识，这两者都代表了金属工业中的中间青铜年龄二世南部勒凡留的精细示例。

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《Archaeometry》 |2018年第3期|共19页
作者
T. KAN-CIPOR - MERON; S. SHILSTEIN; Y. LEVI; S. SHALEV;
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作者单位

Department of Archaeology University of Haifa Mount Carmel 31905 Haifa Israel;

Department of Physics Weizmann Institute of Science 76100 Rehovot Israel;

Israel Antiquities Authority POB 586 Jerusalem 901004 Israel;

Department of Archaeology University of Haifa Mount Carmel 31905 Haifa Israel;

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正文语种 eng
中图分类文物考古;
关键词
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN; LEVANT; ISRAEL; ARCHAEOMETALLURGY; MIDDLE BRONZE AGE METALS; DAGGERS; RIVETS;

机译：地中海东部;利尔;以色列;archaeometallyurgy;中间青铜年龄金属;匕首;铆钉;

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1. A COMPARISON STUDY OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I I DAGGERS AND THEIR RIVETS AS A TOOL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR PRODUCTION [J] . T. KAN-CIPOR - MERON, S. SHILSTEIN, Y. LEVI, Archaeometry . 2018,第Pta3期

机译：中青年时代的比较研究我匕首及其铆钉作为一种更好地了解其生产的工具
2. Rings or daggers, axes or fibulae have a different composition? A multivariate study on Central Italy bronzes from eneolithic to early iron age [J] . Giovanni Visco, Susanne H Plattner, Giuseppe Guida, Chemistry central journal . 2015,第1期

机译：戒指或匕首，斧头或腓骨的成分不同？对意大利中部从青铜时代到铁器时代的青铜的多变量研究
3. Rings or daggers, axes or fibulae have a different composition? A multivariate study on Central Italy bronzes from eneolithic to early iron age [J] . Giovanni Visco, Susanne H Plattner, Giuseppe Guida, Chemistry central journal . 2015,第1期

机译：戒指或匕首，斧头或腓骨的成分不同？对意大利中部从青铜时代到铁器时代的青铜的多变量研究
4. Diet and Health in Middle Bronze Age Italy: a metaproteomic analysis of human dental calculus in two case-studies [C] . Silvia Soncin, Jessica Hendy, Camilla Speller, IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage . 2018

机译：中古青铜时代的饮食与健康意大利：两种案例研究人类牙科微积分的数组分析
5. Tensions, interactions and power negotiations between "tribes" and "States" in monarchic Israel: Towards a new understanding based on case studies from Middle Bronze Age Mari and Iron Age Moab [D] . Imchen, Moatemsu. 2017

机译：君主制以色列中“部落”与“国家”之间的紧张，互动和力量谈判：基于中古青铜时代的马里和铁器时代的摩押的案例研究获得新的认识
6. Rings or daggers axes or fibulae have a different composition? A multivariate study on Central Italy bronzes from eneolithic to early iron age [O] . Giovanni Visco, Susanne H Plattner, Giuseppe Guida, 2015

机译：戒指或匕首斧头或腓骨的成分不同？从中古到铁器时代的意大利中部青铜器的多变量研究
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

A COMPARISON STUDY OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I I DAGGERS AND THEIR RIVETS AS A TOOL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR PRODUCTION

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