This comprehensive paper, based on about 30 earlier papers and presentations of the present author and his associates, deals with case studies of localized corrosion of carbon steel. Included are localized corrosion in water and hot water pipes, steam return lines, electric resistance welded pipes, underground pipes, pipes in concrete and under dewcondensation protective coverings, and in many other systems. The rates of penetration observed in the case studies are reported and explained in terms of corrosion situations. The results of experiments to reproduce various types of localized corrosion in the laboratory are also shown. It is demonstrated that the theoretically possible highest penetration rate at areas of preferential attack is given by the potentiostatic anodic current density for the oxide-free surface by comparing the current density with the highest penetration rate observed in case studies. Some cases of unusual corrosion in terms of the penetration rate, form of attack, and mechanism are also reported.
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