Increase of feather quality during moult: a possible implication of feather deformities in the evolution of partial moult in the great tit Parus major

摘要

Here we investigate the change in feather quality during partial post-juvenile and complete post-breeding moult in great tit Parus major by measuring the change in the number of fault bars and feather holes on wing and tail feathers. Feathers grown during ontogeny usually are of lower quality than feathers grown following subsequent moults at independence. This is reflected by higher number of fault bars and feather holes on juveniles compared to adults. Fault bars are significantly more common on tail and proximal wing feathers than on the distal regiges, indicating a mechanism of adaptive allocation of stress induced abnormalities during ontogeny into the aerodynamically less important flight feathers. On the contrary, feather holes produced probably by chewing lice have a more uniform distribution on wing and tail feathers, which may reflect the inability of birds to control their distribution, or the weak natural selection imposed by them. The adaptive value of the differential allocation of fault bar between groups of feathers seems to be supported by the significantly higher recapture probability of those juvenile great tits which have fewer fault bars at fledging on the aerodynamically most important primaries, but not on other groups of flight feathers. The selection imposed by feather holes seems to be smaller, since except for the positive association between hatching date, brood size and the number of feather holes at fledging, great tits' survival was not affected by the number of feather holes. During post-juvenile moult, the intensity of fault bars drops significantly through the replacement of tail feathers and tertials, resulting in disproportional reduction of the total number of fault bars on flight feathers related to the number of feathers replaced. The reduction in the number of fault bars during post-juvenile moult associated with their adaptive allocation to proximal wing feathers and rectrices may explain the evolution of partial post-juvenile moult in the great tit, since the quality of flight feathers can be increased significantly at a relatively small cost. Our results may explain the widespread phenomenon of partial post-juvenile moult of flight feathers among Palearctic passerines. During the next complete post-breeding moult, the total number of fault bars on flight feathers has remained unchanged, indicating the effectiveness of partial post-juvenile moult in reducing the number of adaptively allocated fault bars. The number of feather holes has also decreasedon groups of feathers replaced during partial post-juvenile moult, but the reduction is proportional with the number of feathers moulted. In line with this observation, the number of feather holes is further reduced during post-breeding moult on primaries and secondaries, resulting in an increase in feather quality of adult great tits.