The surface fluxes of heat and moisture in semiarid regions are sensitive to spatial variability of soil moisture caused by convective rainfall. Under conditions typical of the Sahel, this variability may persist for several days after a storm, during which time it modifies the overlying boundary layer. A model of the land surface is used to quantify the dependence of surface fluxes of heat and moisture on antecedent rainfall amount, time since rainfall, and surface properties. Next, a coupled model of the land and atmosphere is used to characterize the boundary layer variability that results from this surface variability, and its dependence on factors including the length scale of the surface variability. Finally, two- and three-dimensional modeling of squall lines is used to examine the sensitivity of rainfall to boundary layer variability. Boundary layer variability tends to be greater for surface variability on long length scales, but squall-line rainfall shows the strongest response for anomalies on small length scales, comparable to that of the convection. As a result, the feedback between soil moisture and rainfall will be strongest at an intermediate scale.
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