Nanostructured calcium phosphate (CaP) is an important biomaterial for hard tissue repair with potential applications in some soft tissues as reported by recent studies. Herein, we shed light on recent research progress with respect to the biological effects of nanostructured CaP in some specific biological systems, including bone, cartilage, blood vessels, and nerve repair or regeneration. Specific cellular and molecular biological effects of nanostructured CaP and nanostructured CaP-based composites on numerous types of cells are summarized. Finally, the cytotoxicity and inflammatory response of nanostructured CaP are discussed.
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