添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、 品质、 肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响

摘要

为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、 优质又环境友好的施肥模式, 在天然降雨条件下, 通过田间小区试验, 研究了5种不同施肥模式 (不施肥、 纯施化肥、 生物黑炭与化肥共施、 有机无机肥配施、 有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭) 对玉米产量、 品质、 肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响. 结果表明: 与纯施化肥相比, 生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响, 有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21. 14%; 与纯施化肥相比, 生物黑炭与化肥共施、 有机无机肥配施、 有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、 磷肥利用率, 其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12. 14% ~19. 64%, 并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大; 与纯施化肥相比, 生物黑炭与化肥共施、 有机无机肥配施、 有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、 磷径流损失量, 降幅分别为30. 47% ~59. 69%和12. 08% ~31. 22%, 其中, 有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大, 生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大. 因此, 从提高玉米产量、 品质, 氮、 磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、 磷径流损失的角度综合考虑, 在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式.%To find environmental sound fertilization modes which can also increase crop yield and quality, a field experiment with summer maize was conducted to study the effects of 5 different fertilization modes ( CK: none fertilization, T1: chemical fertilization, T2: combined application of chemical fertilizer and biochar, T3: combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure, T4: combined application of chemical and organic manure and biochar) on yield, quality, fertilizer utiliza-tion efficiency of summer maize and nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from field. The results showed that compared with T1, T2 and T3 had no significant effect on the yield of maize, but T4 significantly increased the yield of maize by 21. 14%;T2, T3 and T4 increased nitrogen and phosphorus utilization of summer maize, and also increased the content of crude protein by 12. 14% ~19. 64%, in which the effect of T4 was the best. Compared with T1, T2, T3 and T4 all remarkably decreased nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses by 30. 47% ~59. 69% and 12. 08% ~31. 22% respectively, in which the effect of T4 on nitrogen runoff loss was the best and effect of T2 on phosphorus runoff loss was the best. Therefore, combined application of chemical and organic manure and biochar ( T4 ) was recommended from the comprehensive consideration of improving yield, quality and fertilizer utilization of summer maize and decreasing nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss in the dryland fertilization.