吸热燃料催化裂解研究进展

摘要

高超声速飞行是航空航天领域的最新前沿技术,是国家科技发展水平的重要标志。吸热燃料是实现高马赫（〉5）超声速飞行器实际应用的核心技术之一,因而具有特殊的意义。本文介绍了吸热燃料的研究历程,重点从吸热燃料及其热沉、吸热燃料催化剂、催化剂的结焦以及催化裂解机理等方面对吸热燃料催化裂解进行介绍和评述。分子筛催化剂是吸热燃料催化裂解最具应用前景的一类催化剂,但同时也面临了吸热燃料原料的选择、分子筛骨架结构的改进和表面性质调变、催化剂结焦等基础研究以及催化剂负载、催化剂真实工况模拟等一系列工程应用研究双重挑战。吸热燃料催化裂解机理和动力学研究目前还很薄弱,未能真正深入到分子尺度把催化剂的微观作用与物质形态的变化有机结合,针对这方面的研究还应该大力加强,以更好地为催化剂的设计提供指导意义。%Supersonic flight,the sign of the level of science and technology of a country,is the latest advanced technology in the territory of aerospace.Endothermic fuel is a core technology of supersonic flight.Research history of endothermic fuel is presented.Endothermic fuel and heat sink,catalysts,coking and mechanism of catalytic cracking are reviewed.Zeolite catalyst is one of the most promising catalysts for catalytic cracking of endothermic fuels.However,basic research including selection of endothermic fuels,improvement of zeolite catalysts and catalyst coking,and engineering application research including catalyst loading and simulation of real working conditions are still challenges to application of endothermic fuels.Studies on catalytic cracking mechanism are still weak at present.Microcosmic effect of catalysts and morphology changes are not combined on the molecular scale in the research.