Urbanism greatly enhanced the material aspects of living and the cultural aspects of city life accompanied with,however,the fire disasters in the ancient time of our human being. Entering the industrial civilization with the invention of steam engine and electrical power supply,the industrial systems became large and complex,in which a failure of a local component might cause a global damage and shutdown of the whole production process. The energy crisis in the last century called forth larger plant capacity and higher operation parameters in order to increase the energy and process efficiency,which led to the industrial accidents highly interruptive,greater risky and of significant social influence. Safety is thus a fundamental need of our human being to have an ease and poetic life. In retrospect,the paper reviews the evolution of safety technology during the history of human civilization. The concept of Safety 4.0 as an indispensable mate of Industry 4.0 is proposed,which aims the life cycle safety,including the safety (health) monitoring,smart network control and intelligent safety assessment. Some excellent industrial cases and research progresses are examined and discussed. Recommendations are made on the priority areas in science and technology for implementing Safety 4.0.%人类筑城而居，物质与文化得以快速提升，但也伴之以火灾等事故。进入工业文明以后，蒸汽机的发明、电力的应用使工业系统变得日益复杂，局部的失效便可能导致系统损坏和整个生产过程中断。20世纪能源危机的出现，导致工业装置向着更高的操作参数和更大的规模发展以提高能源与生产效率，这使得工业安全事故更具有突发性、灾难性、中断性以及社会性。安全已成为人们安逸、诗意生活的首要考虑。本文回顾了人类文明发展过程中安全技术的演进，提出与工业4.0适配的安全4.0的概念。它以全寿命过程安全保障为目标，包括安全（健康）监测、网络化监控、智能安全评价系统等主要内容。同时对目前成功的工业案例和研究进展进行了分析，提出了实施安全4.0今后应重点解决的科学与技术问题。
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