锌空气电池关键问题与发展趋势

摘要

With the advantages of high energy density,safe and reliable aqueous electrolyte and low cost,zinc-air batteries show important potential as well as challenge for electrical energy conversion and storage. These batteries used in pure electric vehicles,mobile tools and electricity storage for new energy power generations,have promising market and applications. However,some issues related to electrode structure and electrocatalyst in cathode and zinc dendrite growth in anode restrict its further development and application. This paper analyzes the critical scientific issues in zinc air batteries, especially for the electrocatalyst of air electrode,electrode configuration,dendritic growth in zinc negative electrode,discusses the battery performance in details,and points out the main barriers in developing advanced battery technology. In summary the development of novel electrocatalyst,air electrode,manufacturing technology for long-term cycle life and low cost zinc air batteries are urgent problems to be settled at present.%电化学可充的锌-空气电池具有能量密度高、水系电解液安全和成本低等特点，是电能高效转换和储存的重要技术方向，无论作为动力电池用于纯电动汽车等移动交通工具，还是用于新能源发电过程储能，都具有广阔发展前景。但正极存在电极结构设计和催化剂开发问题，负极存在抑制枝晶、控制析氢和提高锌循环性能等挑战，严重阻碍了锌空气电池的商业化进程。本文详细分析了锌-空气电池的关键科学问题，尤其是关于空气电极的催化剂、电极结构、锌枝晶等问题，结合电池性能进行详尽讨论。归纳现有研究后认为：开发新型电催化剂和空气电极，发展循环寿命长、成本低的锌负极制造技术与工艺，是锌空气电池所面临的亟需解决问题和未来的发展趋势。