RESPIRATORY EVALUATION DISEASE IN ADULT CAMELIDS

摘要

A variety of primary lung diseases have been reported in llamas and alpacas in the peer-reviewed literature, although pulmonary dysfunction may be underestimated, due to subtle presenting signs and lack of routine functional analysis of the respiratory tractin this species. Diseases such as tuberculosis, nocardiosis, viral pneumonia (coronavirus, adenovirus-associated pneumonia, bovine herpesvirus type l), pulmonary neoplasia (adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, fungal pneumonia (pulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary histoplasmosis), diaphragmatic paralysis, rhodococcus equi-associated lymphadenitis, endogenous lipid pneumonia and cryptococcosis have been identified to date.