approach

摘要： Pluripotent stem cells in neural differentiation:characterization and potential:The establishment and use of pluripotent stem cells(PSCs),including embryonic(ESCs)and induced(iPSCs),constitutes a major scientific breakthrough of the last decades.Human PSCs hold the potential to deliver regenerative therapies in many diseases,including neurological ones.The general approach is to produce functioning human neurons and glial cells in vitro,to be later implanted in the diseased nervous system,replacing dysfunctional or dead cells.In addition,human and other animal-sourced PSCs make useful and dynamic in vitro models for neurodevelopmental,neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders,enabling researchers to continuously produce normal and diseased neurons to investigate basic mechanistic questions,which can eventually lead to new therapeutics.Therefore,the development of efficient protocols to induce neural differentiation in ESCs and iPSCs is currently a major effort in the field(Mertens et al.,2016).

摘要： Historically,kidney cancer was approached in a siloed single-speciality way,with urological surgeons managing the localised stages of the disease and medical oncologists caring for patients if metastases developed.However,improvements in the management of localised kidney cancer have occurred rapidly over the past two decades with greater understanding of the disease biology,diagnostic options,and innovations in curative treatments.These developments are favourable for patients but provide a substantially more complex landscape for patients and clinicians to navigate,with associated challenging decisions about who to treat,how,and when.As such,the skill sets needed to manage the various aspects of the disease and guide patients appropriately outstrips the capabilities of one particular specialist,and the evolution of a multispeciality approach to the management of kidney cancer is now essential.In this Review,we summarise the current best multispeciality practice for the management of localised kidney cancer and the areas in need of further research and development.

摘要： To the Editor:We sincerely applaud the work done by Gupta et al.,in which they analyzed a single-center experience regarding gallbladder per-foration(GBP)management[1].Currently,there is a lack of cohort studies to adequately describe the approach strategies and man-agement for this pathology,with international guidelines making ambiguous recommendations[2,3].Their study stratified GBP types and provided details regarding clinical presentation,comorbidities,preoperative diagnosis,etiology,imaging techniques,and surgical approach.The study reported a high conversion rate when a la-paroscopic approach was attempted for cholecystectomy.

摘要： Coronavirus disease(COVID)2019 is a disease of the immune system aging Longevity experts have solutions.An integrative approach to both COVID and aging consequences mitigation was demonstrated at the ILA-Healthy Life Extension Society Conference.The report by Gregory Fahy on this topic was based on the paper“Reversing immunosenescence for prevention of COVID-19”[1].

摘要： In signal processing,multiresolution decomposition techniques allow for the separation of an acquired signal into sub levels,where the optimal level within the signal minimises redundancy,uncertainties,and contains the information required for the characterisation of the sensed phenomena.In the area of physiological signal processing for prosthesis control,scenarios where a signal decomposition analysis are required:the wavelet decomposition(WD)has been seen to be the favoured time-frequency approach for the decomposition of non-stationary signals.From a research perspective,the WD in certain cases has allowed for a more accurate motion intent decoding process following feature extraction and classification.Despite this,there is yet to be a widespread adaptation of the WD in a practical setting due to perceived computational complexity.Here,for neuro-muscular(electromyography)and brainwave(electroencephalography)signals acquired from a transhumeral amputee,a computationally efficient time domain signal decom-position method based on a series of heuristics was applied to process the acquired signals before feature extraction.The results showed an improvement in motion intent decoding prowess for the proposed time-domain-based signal decomposition across four different classifiers for both the neuromuscular and brain wave signals when compared to the WD and the raw signal.

摘要： BACKGROUND Based on the location and size of the fracture block,open reduction and internal fixation can be employed or assisted for shoulder arthroscopy in the treatment of glenoid fractures.However,the treatment of lower part of glenoid fractures through a novel axillary approach has not been reported so far.CASE SUMMARY A 22-year-old right-handed man was transferred to our outpatient clinic because of right shoulder injury during a traffic accident.X-ray examination after admission suggested the fracture of the lower part of the right glenoid and an ipiselial proximal humeral fracture.Three-dimensional(3D)computed tomography(CT)further suggested that the size of the fracture block of the lower part of the right glenoid was 3.4 mm×16.2 mm.The patient was diagnosed as the fracture of the lower part of the glenoid,also known as bony Bankart lesion without shoulder dislocation.After general anesthesia,the patient was surgically treated with the open reduction internal fixation through a novel axillary approach.3D CT and shoulder joint function were reexamined at 12 mo of followup,showing acceptable recovery.CONCLUSION This case report describes a novel axillary approach adopted in an open reduction with cannulated screw and wire anchor internal fixation.After a follow-up for more than 12 mo,3D CT and shoulder joint function examinations display a good recovery.

摘要： State Councilor and Foreign Minister of the People’s Republic of China at the High-level Segment of the 46th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council 22 February 2021Mme.President,Colleagues,It gives me great pleasure to speak at the46th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council on behalf of the Chinese government.

摘要： To provide the anatomical data for percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation through foramen rotundum approach via anterior border of coronoid process in the treatment of V2 trigeminal neuralgia.80 dried cadaveric adult skulls(160 sides)were examined.The depth of the first arrival with the needle from the lower margin of the zygomatic arch to the maxillary surface(L1),the depth(L2)that the needle reached the maxillary margin of pterygomaxillary fissure,and gliding distance(L3),the fissure width that the needle reached the maxillary margin of pterygomaxillary fissure(L4),the maximum length(LA)and width(LB)of the skull were measured.On the left side,the reference ranges of L1,L2,L3,L4 were(23.04±3.42)mm,(38.14±3.63)mm,(20.67土3.93)mm,(5.85土1.27)mm,respectively.And on the right side,these parameters were(22.96土3.34)mm,(38.40±3.49)mm,(20.82±3.93)mm,(5.86土1.33)mm,respectively.

摘要： BACKGROUND Giant hiatal hernias still pose a major challenge to digestive surgeons,and their repair is sometimes a highly complex task.This is usually performed by laparoscopy,while the role of the thoracoscopic approach has yet to be clearly defined.AIM To preoperatively detect patients with a giant hiatal hernia in whom it would not be safe to perform laparoscopic surgery and who,therefore,would be candidates for a thoracoscopic approach.METHODS In the present study,using imaging test we preoperatively simulate the field of vision of the camera and the working area(instrumental access)that can be obtained in each patient when the laparoscopic approach is used.RESULTS From data obtained,we can calculate the access angles that will be obtained in a preoperative computerised axial tomography coronal section,according to the location of the trocar.We also provide the formula for performing the angle calculations If the trocars are placed in loss common situations,thus enabling us to determine the visibility and manoeuvrability for any position of the trocars.CONCLUSION The working area determines the cases in which we can operate safely and those in which certain areas of the hernia cannot be accessed,which is when the thoracoscopic approach would be safer.