Antibiotics

摘要： A multi-barrier antibiotics loaded biodegradable composite bone cement for resolving chronic osteomyelitis has been studied to understand the physico-mechanical properties,drug loading/eluting efficiency,and different merits and demerits prior to clinical application.After successful induction of bone infection in 28 rabbits using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)strains,calcium sulfate/bioactive glass based composite cement was implanted in 12 defects to assess its performance over parenteral therapy with microscopic and radiological examination for 90 days.The composite cement revealed acceptable physico-mechanical properties and controlled drug elution kinetics.Furthermore,the antibiotics concentrations in bone up to 42 days were sufficient to kill MRSA without eliciting adverse drug reactions.The striking feature of platelets aggregation by composite cement could assist bone healing.The controlled degradation with simultaneous entrapment of composite cement within the osteoid tissues and complete repair of infected cortical defects(holes)in rabbit tibia at 6 weeks indicated the excellent anti-infective and osteoconductive properties of composite cement.Thus,the animal study demonstrated the superiority of composite over injectable antibiotic therapy based on infection resolution and bone regeneration.We thereby conclude that the composite cement can be effectively applied in the treatment of resistant cases of chronic osteomyelitis.

摘要： The aim of this study was to identify the potential antibacterial effects of gatifloxacin on one of canine periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gulae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of gatifloxacin and its bactericidal effects were investigated. Gatifloxacin inhibited the growth of the canine periodontopathic bacteria tested in broth. An MIC of 50 nM was found to be effective in inhibiting P. gulae. On performing adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay, gatifloxacin was found to exhibit bactericidal effects on the tested bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. The safety of gatifloxacin in mammalian cells was evaluated by assessing the viability of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem (BMMS) cells treated with gatifloxacin. Almost over 80% of BMMS cells survived after a 3-day culture when treated with 100 nM of gatifloxacin. These results indicate that locally administered gatifloxacin has the potential for being used to prevent canine periodontal infection.

摘要： Background: Urinary tract infection is a common disease in Somaliland society. The predominant causative organism of Urinary tract infection is Escherichia coli. This research studies antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic E. coli in patients of Hargeisa Group Hospital. The study selected commonly prescribed antibiotics for urinary tract infection treatment. Methodology: Urine samples of patients were cultured to isolate causative organisms of the urinary tract infection. Chromo-agar media, CLED, and biochemical tests are applied to identify the type of bacteria. Antibiotic reactions to E. coli bacteria are measured to differentiate between sensitive and resistant drugs with the guidance of the Clinical and Laboratories Standard Institute (CLSI). Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method is applied to assess antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Data of patients such as age, sex, symptoms of UTI, previous UTI infection, and history of antibiotic use were recorded. SPSS and Microsoft Excel are applied to analyze and interpret data. Results: The predominant organism that caused urinary tract infection was Escherichia coli (55%), Klebsiella spp (15%), Candida spp (15%), Enterococcus spp (10%), Staph spp 2.5%, and Pseudomonas spp 2.5% while other 55% were negative. The study assessed antibiotic resistance of E. coli, which reported resistance to Tetracycline at (70%), Ampicillin (64%), and Cotrimoxazole (61%). The bacteria showed moderate resistance to Ceftriaxone (43.5%), Nalidixic acid (43%), and Ciprofloxacin (36%). The bacteria are sensitive to Amikacin (100%), Nitrofurantoin (96%), Levofloxacin (73%) and gentamicin (74%). Conclusion: The overall incidence of antibiotic resistance to E. coli is high because the bacteria show a percentage of resistance to each antibiotic except Amikacin which gives (100%) sensitivity. The research recommends public awareness of the risks associated with antibiotic use and periodic evaluation of antibiotic resistance to accomplish better managing urinary tract infections.

摘要： Massive amounts of biogas slurry are produced due to the development of biogas plants.The pollution features and the risk of biogas slurry were fully evaluated in this work.Thirty-one biogas slurry samples were collected from sixteen different cities and five different raw materials biogas plants(e.g.cattle manure,swine manure,straw-manure mixture,kitchen waste and chicken manure).The chemical oxygen demand(COD),ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N),anions(e.g.Cl^(-1),SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)^(-)and PO_(4)^(3-)),antibiotics(e.g.sulphonamides,quinolones,β2-receptor agonists,macrolides,tetracyclines and crystal violet)and heavy metals(e.g.Cu,Cd,As,Cr,Hg,Zn and Pb)contents from these biogas slurry samples were systematically investigated.On this basis,risk assessment of biogas slurry was also performed.The concentrations of COD,NH_(4)^(+)-N and PO_(4)^(3-) in biogas slurry samples with chicken manure as raw material were significantly higher than those of other raw materials.Therefore,the biogas slurry from chicken manure raw material demonstrated the most serious eutrophication threat.The antibiotic contents in biogas slurry samples from swine manure were the highest among five raw materials,mostly sulphonamides,quinolones and tetracyclines.Biogas slurry revealed particularly serious arsenic contamination and moderate potential ecological risk.The quadratic polynomial stepwise regression model can quantitatively describe the correlation among NH_(4)^(+)-N,PO_(4)^(3+) and heavy metals concentration of biogas slurry.This work demonstrated a universal potential threat from biogas slurry that can provide supporting data and theoretical basis for harmless treatment and reuse of biogas slurry.

摘要： With the wide application of antibiotics in medicine and industry fields as well as the improvement of water quality detection technology,more and more reports show that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes(AGRs)were detected in various drinking water sources.The existence of these pollutants in water environment posed a great threat to human health.In this paper,the pollution status of antibiotics and transmission routes of antibiotic genes were introduced,and the characteristics and shortcomings of antibiotic treatment technology both at home and abroad were analyzed.Finally,suggestions and prospects for future antibiotic treatment technology were put forward.

摘要： BACKGROUND Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia(COP),formerly known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia,is an extremely rare disease in pregnancy.In this case,we report on COP diagnosed in recurrent pneumonia that does not respond to antibiotics in pregnant woman.CASE SUMMARY A 35-year-old woman with no prior lung disease presented with concerns of chest pain with cough,sputum,dyspnea,and mild fever at 11 wk’gestation.She was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and treated with antibiotics;her symptoms improved temporarily.Four weeks after discharge,she was readmitted with aggravated symptoms.Chest computed tomography demonstrated multifocal patchy airspace consolidation and ground-glass opacities at the basal segments of the right lower lobe,at the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe,and at the lingular segment of the left upper lobe.Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed an increased lymphocyte count and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio.Prednisolone(0.5 mg/kg/d)was administered for 10 d after the second admission.Dyspnea improved after 3 d of steroid treatment and other symptoms improved on the 5th day of steroid administration.Post-delivery transbronchial lung biopsy further revealed the presence of granulation tissue with fibroblasts in smallbronchiole lumens.CONCLUSION This case suggests that it is important to differentiate COP from atypical pneumonia in the deteriorated condition despite antibiotic treatment.

摘要： BACKGROUND Intensive care unit(ICU)patients are critically ill and have low immunity.They will undergo various trauma medical procedures during diagnosis and treatment.The use of high-dose hormones and broad-spectrum antibiotics will increase the incidence of nosocomial infection in ICU patients.Therefore,it is necessary to explore the causes of nosocomial infection in ICU and provide basis for the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in ICU.AIM To explore major pathogens of nosocomial infection in ICUs,methods of detection and drug resistance trends.METHODS Risk factors of multidrug-resistant infection were analyzed to provide a basis for clinical rational use of antimicrobial drugs in the ICU.These findings were used to standardize rational use of antimicrobial agents.BD PhoenixTM100 automatic bacterial identification analyzer was used to for cell identification in specimens collected from the ICU between January 2016 and December 2019.Drug sensitivity tests were carried out and drug resistance trends were analyzed using the optical disc diffusion method.Odds ratios and corresponding 95%CI of independent variables were calculated using a logistic regression model.Backward elimination(trend=0.1)was used as an inclusion criterion for multivariate analysis.All data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0,and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS We collected 2070 samples from ICU patients between January 2016 and December 2019.Sample types comprised sputum(1139 strains,55.02%),blood(521 strains,25.17%),and drainage fluid(117 strains,5.65%).A total of 1051 strains of major pathogens,including Acinetobacter baumannii,Escherichia coli(E.coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa),Klebsiella pneumoniae(K.pneumoniae)and Staphylococcus aureus,were detected,with a detection rate of 35.97%(378/1051).Most of these strains were resistant to antibiotics.Detection rate of E.coli was 21.79%(229/1051),and it was generally sensitive to many antimicrobial drugs.Detection rate of P.aeruginosa was 24.74%(260/1051),and showed low sensitivity to most antibiotics.Detection rate of K.pneumoniae was 9.42%(99/1051),which was generally resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs and resistant forms.K.pneumoniae was resistant to imipenem for approximate 4 years,and showed a 19.9%(19/99)and 20.20%(20/99)rate of meropenem resistance.Logistic analysis showed that mechanical ventilation and ureteral intubation were risk factors for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.CONCLUSION This study showed a high incidence of ICU infections.Mechanical ventilation and urine tube intubation were risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria.

摘要： Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a functional gastrointestinal disorder in which recurrent abdominal pain is associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits(constipation,diarrhea,or both),and it is often accompanied by symptoms of abdominal bloating and distension.IBS is an important health care issue because it negatively affects the quality of life of patients and places a considerable financial burden on health care systems.Despite extensive research,the etiology and underlying pathophysiology of IBS remain incompletely understood.Proposed mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis include increased intestinal permeability,changes in the immune system,visceral hypersensitivity,impaired gut motility,and emotional disorders.Recently,accumulating evidence has highlighted the important role of the gut microbiota in the development of IBS.Microbial dysbiosis within the gut is thought to contribute to all aspects of its multifactorial pathogenesis.The last few decades have also seen an increasing interest in the impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota.Moreover,antibiotics have been suggested to play a role in the development of IBS.Extensive research has established that antibacterial therapy induces remarkable shifts in the bacterial community composition that are quite similar to those observed in IBS.This suggestion is further supported by data from cohort and case-control studies,indicating that antibiotic treatment is associated with an increased risk of IBS.This paper summarizes the main findings on this issue and contributes to a deeper understanding of the link between antibiotic use and the development of IBS.

摘要： Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram negative, facultative anaerobe, generally present in water, soil in tropical and subtropical regions. This bacterium is an emerging environmental pathogen that causes life threatening infection in humans and animals. It can cause wound infection, visceral abscess, septicaemia, meningitis, diarrhoea, UTI. It is associated with significant mortality due to severe systemic infection. As the bacteria have high spreading tendency leading to sepsis, early identification and prompt treatment is necessary. Here we report a case of Chromobacterium violaceum wound infection in a 9 years old male from Dhaka, who was successfully treated with combination of cefixime and flucloxacillin antibiotics as per culture sensitivity report.

摘要： Burn injuries have been and remain a very significant source of mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries. As a country in this category, Ghana, is not exempted. Ghana has a population of 31 Million with only 21 Plastic Reconstructive and Burn surgeons. Moreover, the country can boast of only 3 major Burn centres. This notwithstanding the country in particular and Africa, in general, carries an extraordinary burden of Burn injuries with devastating consequences. Burn data from the 37 Military Hospital were analyzed from March 2018 to September 2019—a period of 18 months. In all, 217 burn cases were seen representing about 2.1% of all trauma and surgical cases. Our burn data analyzed the peculiarities of epidemiology, types of burn, the pattern of injuries, and the outcome of burn care at the 37 Military Hospital. Flame is emerging as the predominant cause of burns, most frequently occurring from the use of Liquid Petroleum Gas. In the pediatric population, however, the most frequent cause of burns is hot water burns. The mortality rate among the burn population was 1.8% (4 mortalities). This paper aims to point out management methods adopted by our unit which helped to improve burn outcomes and to reduce mortality.